Human Anatomy - external, internal, interactions, health, and emotions - Concepts

Primary

External features

1. People have different external features (size, shape, color of hair, skin, and eyes) but are more alike than like other animals.
2. People need food, water, air, waste removal, and a particular range of temperatures in their environments, just as other animals do.
3. People tend to live in families and communities and care for each other. All animals have offspring.
4. A human baby grows inside its mother until birth.
5. After birth it is not able to care for itself and survival depends on other humans.

Internal features

1. Human body has parts to find, get, and consume food (hunger, eyes, nose, mouth, legs, arms, digestive system).
2. Senses warn people about danger.
3. Muscles help them fight, hide, or move from danger.
4. The brain enables humans to think and send messages to other parts of the body to help them work properly.

Interactions

1. People use their senses to learn about their environment and themselves.
2. Different senses give us different information. We can learn to improve or abilities to use our senses.
3. People learn by deliberately trying to understand and do better with practice, effort, and strategy.
4. People learn through thinking and doing, telling and listening, showing and watching, and imitating others.

Health

1. Eating a good diet, exercise, and rest helps people stay healthy.
2. Some things taken into the body may hurt you.
3. Some diseases are caused by germs. Diseases caused by germs can be spread to other people.
4. Washing hands with soap and water reduces germs.
5. Vaccinations and other scientific treatments protect people from getting some diseases.

Emotions

1. People have different feelings (sad, anger, fear) about themselves, events, and other people.
2. People react to problems in different ways and some ways are more likely to help them than others (talk to a friend, counselor, relative, teacher)

Intermediate

External features

1. Humans make technology to do things. Artifacts and preserved remains provide evidence of the physical properties and possible behavior of human beings that lived long ago.
2. It takes nine months for a human embryo to develop.
3. Embryos are nourished by their mother.
4. The substances a mother takes affects the how well or poorly the baby develops.
5. People are able to have children before they can care for them. Humans have body systems for obtaining and providing energy, defense, reproduction, and the coordination of body functions similar to other animals.
6. Technologies have improved the standards of life (food production, sanitation, disease prevention, and people with disabilities).
7. The length and quality of human life are influenced by many factors (sanitation, diet, medical care, sex, genes, environmental conditions, and personal health behaviors.

Internal features

1. Organs and organ systems are composed of cells and help provide cells with their needs.
2. People obtain energy from food and materials to grow and repair their body and eliminate waste.
3. People exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through respiration.
4. Skin protects the body from harmful substances, other organisms, and keeps them from drying out.
5. The brain receives and sends signals to enable humans to think and influence the body to work properly.
6. Interactions among the senses, nerves, and brain make possible the learning that humans use to adapt.

Interactions

1. People have different interests, motivations, and abilities.
2. People use their memory of past experiences to make decisions.
3. Many skills can be practiced until they become automatic.
4. People tend to repeat behaviors that feel good or have pleasant consequences and avoid behaviors that have bad or unpleasant consequences.
5. Learning means using what one already knows to make sense of new experiences or information.
6. When people attend to one signal it reduces their ability to attend to others at the same time.

Health

1. Food provides energy and materials for growth and repair of body parts.
2. Vitamins and minerals are essential to keep a body functioning well.
3. As people grow the amounts and kinds of food and exercise needed by the body may change.
4. Tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, and certain poisons in the environment (pesticides, lead) can harm people and other living organisms.
5. The body defends against germs with tears, saliva, skin, blood cells, stomach secretions.
6. A healthy body can fight off most germs. However, there are some germs that will interfere with the body's defenses. There are normal ranges for body measurements (temperature, heart rate, what is in the blood and urine) that are used to diagnose peoples state of health.
7. Tools (thermometers, exrays, MRI,) help us collect data from inside the body. Technology has made it possible to replace and repair some body parts. Sanitation measures (sewers, landfills, quarantines, food handling) are important to control the spread of disease.
8. Improved sanitation has saved more people that any medical treatment.

Emotions

1. Different people handle their feelings in different ways.
2. Sometimes people don't understand why they or others act or feel the way they do.
3. Physical health can affect the emotional well-being and emotional well-being can affect physical health.
4. One can respond to strong feelings by either seeking or avoiding similar situations.

Middle School

External features

1. Humans make technology to do things.
2. Artifacts and preserved remains provide evidence of the physical properties and possible behavior of human beings that lived long ago.
3. It takes nine months for a human embryo to develop.
4. Embryos are nourished by their mother.
5. The substances a mother takes affects the how well or poorly the baby develops.
6. People are able to have children before they can care for them. Humans have body systems for obtaining and providing energy, defense, reproduction, and the coordination of body functions similar to other animals.
7. Technologies have improved the standards of life (food production, sanitation, disease prevention, and people with disabilities).
8. The length and quality of human life are influenced by many factors (sanitation, diet, medical care, sex, genes, environmental conditions, and personal health behaviors.

Internal features

1. The digestive system breaks food down into molecules that are absorbed and transported to the cells.
2. To oxidize food for the release of energy oxygen is supplied to cells and carbon dioxide removed.
3. Lungs make this exchange.
4. The urinary system disposes of dissolved waste molecules, the intestinal tract removes solid wastes, and the skin and lungs rid the body of heat energy.
5. The circulatory system moves all substances to or from the cells where they are needed or produced responding to changes.
6. Specialized cells and the molecules they produce identify and destroy microbes. Hormones are chemicals from glands that affect other body parts in response to danger, regulate growth development, reproduction, and other changes.

Interactions

1. Behavior is affected by both inheritance and experience.
2. The level of skill a person attains depends on innate abilities, the amount of practice, and the use of appropriate learning technologies.
3. Learning usually results from two perceptions or actions occurring at the same time.
4. The more often the same combinations occurs, the stronger the mental connection between them.
5. Occasionally a single vivid experience will connect two things permanently in people's minds.
6. Language and tools enable people to learn complicated and varied things from each other.

Health

1. The amount of food a person requires varies with body weight, age, sex, activity level, and the natural body's efficiency.
2. Regular exercise helps to maintain a healthy heart/lung system, good muscle tone, and bone strength.
3. Toxic substances, dietary habits, and personal behavior may be bad for one's health.
4. Some effects may show up right away and others not for years. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites may infect people and interfere with normal body functions. White blood cells engulf invaders or produce antibodies that attack them or mark them for attack by white blood cells. The antibodies will remain to attack later similar invaders.
5. Good health requires monitoring the air, water, and soil to assure their safety.
6. Measuring levels of substances in body fluids allows comparisons to be made to determine a persons state of health and how treatments are affecting the patient.
7. Chemical substances (insulin, blood, hormones) are becoming available through manufacturing to help people whose own bodies are unable to produce the necessary amounts for good health.
8. Caffeine provides a short jolt of energy. drinking too many caffeinated drinks (coffees, sodas or energy drinks) restricts blood flow to the brain. Caffeine reduces blood flow to the brain slows brain activity causes an inability to concentrate, decreases motivation, slows thinking and coordination problems. Caffeine increases the release of stress hormones and increases anxiety levels. When you want to make good decisions or shoot a last second buzzer beater, you want to be calm and confident, not stressed and anxious.
9. Lack of sleep hinders performance. Sleep deprivation impairs motor function, which reduces coordinated making it more likely to strike out at bat or to shank a drive on the golf course, causes poor decision making so you don't make the best on-field decisions or remember new plays. Because lack of sleep reduces glucose metabolism. A Stanford University study found that after getting extra shut-eye for a two week period, basketball players shaved an average of one second off their sprint time, improved their free-throw shooting by about 10%, and upped their three-point shooting percentage by more than 10%.
10. Alcohol lowers overall blood flow. This causes less brain activity, which over time diminishes memory and judgment. A study using rhesus monkeys showed excessive alcohol consumption lowers the number of new brain cells formed in the hippocampus(one of the brain's main memory center). In the study, monkeys that consumed alcohol experienced a 58% decline in the number of new brain cells formed and a 63% reduction in the survival rate of new brain cells. Another 2008 study found that people who drink every day have smaller brains. When it comes to the brain, size matters! If you aren't making the smartest decisions when you exercise or play sports, cut back on the cocktails.
11. The brain is 80% water. A dehydrated brain has more difficulty thinking and react quickly. Dehydration also makes you more irritable. Even slight dehydration can cause problems. A SPECT brain scan of a famous bodybuilder looked like he was a drug addict, when he was significantly dehydrated. When he was adequately hydrated, his brain looked much better.
12. Chronic stress affects the hippocampus (involved with memory), amygdala (involved with emotional stability), and pre frontal cortex (PFC - involved with attention, planning, and follow-through). A faulty hippocampus means you might not remember that the guy at bat likes to hit down the right field line, so you forget to cover the line when you're playing right field. A subpar amygdala means you might go ballistic when a call doesn't go your way, and you get ejected from the game. When your PFC is drained, you tend to lose focus and zone out, so you loose focus and can't meet expectations. Chronic stress also weakens your body's immune system, making it more likely that you get colds, flu bugs and other infections during emotionally difficult times. Stress can be controlled with relaxation techniques like deep-breathing and meditation to pump up your brainpower and your athletic performance.

Emotions

1. People differ in their ability to cope with stressful situations.
2. External and internal conditions (chemistry, personal history, values) effect how people behave.
3. Often people react to mental distress by denying they have a problem.
4. Sometimes they don't know why they feel the way they do, but with help they can sometimes recover.