Chemical Concepts

Primary

1. All things are made from different things.

Intermediate

1. All things are made from chemicals.
2. Chemical change changes the substances to different substances.

Middle School

1. In most chemical reactions, energy is transferred into or out of a system. Heat, light, mechanical motion, or electricity might all be involved in such transfers.
2. Matter that has been created naturally on Earth includes 90 different kinds of elements. The smallest piece of any element that is still considered that element is called and atom. or Matter is composed of discrete particles (atoms).
3. All of the millions of substances on Earth
   are composed of different combinations of these 90 basic particles ( atoms) that are created naturally on Earth.
4. Over 100 different kinds of atoms exist; each kind has distinctive properties, that include mass and how it will combine with other atoms or molecules.
5. Each atom takes up space, has mass, and is in constant motion. There is nothing but empty space (vacuum) between particles.
6. All particles in substances are in constant motion.
7. Particles in motion have kinetic energy.
8. Heat is related to the kinetic energy of the particles with greater kinetic energy meaning greater heat energy.
9. Energy transfers from one particle to
   another when they collide and is called conduction.
10. When particles gain energy they
    move faster. The faster the particles travel the harder they collide. The harder the collision the farther the particles push each other apart. This is called expansion.
11. Energy transfer causes phase change. Liquids gain energy until they melt and change to a liquid and later evaporate or boil and change to a gas. Gases lose energy until they condense to a liquid or freeze to a solid.
12. A solution occurs when one substance
    breaks down into individual particles (dissolves) and becomes distributed uniformly among the particles of another substance.
13. During a chemical reaction, starting substances transform into new substances when the atoms in particles of the starting substances rearrange to form new particles.
14. Atoms can be joined (in different proportions) to form molecules that have different properties than the atoms from which they are made. The networks between the atoms and/ or molecules are known as chemical bonds between atoms.